B4a1c dates to ~20.5 ka and its three subclades, B4a1c1, B4a1c3 and B4a1c+146, are seen in East Asia, North Asia, Peninsular Malaysia with, interestingly, a fourth basal lineage seen in the Aboriginal Malay Semelai. B4a1c1 and B4a1c3 both date to ~18 ka and are seen only in Japan (Tanaka et al., 2004). B4a1c with np T146C dates to ~17 ka, and includes B4a1c2 and B4a1c4, and a subclade in China. B4a1c+146 is seen in China, Siberian Russia, Taiwan and Peninsular Malaysia. B4a1c2 dates to ~3.5 ka, and is seen in two Russian Siberians (Starikovskaya et al., 2005) and a Southeastern Siberia Eskimo (Mishmar et al., 2003). B4a1c4 dates to ~14 ka and is observed in southern China (Guizhou) (Kong et al., 2006), Mongolia (Hartmann et al., 2009), Taiwan (Soares et al., 2011) and Peninsular Malaysia.
ref: Eng KK. Complete mitochondrial DNA genome variation in Peninsular Malaysia. University of Leeds; 2014.
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ref: Eng KK. Complete mitochondrial DNA genome variation in Peninsular Malaysia. University of Leeds; 2014.
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